Phytoextraction of heavy metals in the landfill of the metropolitan region of Belém/PA
Abstract
The disposal of municipal waste in open areas, due to its varied composition, including heavy metals, constitutes a potential source of environmental risk. These areas occur several plant species that may pose potential for use in phytoremediation. The objective was to determine the level of soil contamination by heavy metals and identify plant species with potential fitoextratora in the Aurá dump area, metropolitan region of Belém/PA. We determined the total concentration of heavy metals in soil and shoots five plant species: Cassia alata, Cecropia pachystachya, Ipomoea asarifolia, Piper hispidinervum and Solanum paniculatum. The bioconcentration factor of metals was calculated. On average, the levels of copper (Cu) , zinc (Zn) , lead (Pb) and cadmium (Cd) are above the reference values of soil quality for the state of Pará, while Cd levels are above prevention values established by the National Environmental Council. The values of bioconcentration of Cd showed greater variation between species, from 0.32 to 0.61 mg kg-1 for Solanum paniculatum and Cassia alata, respectively, and the Cassia alata and Piper hispidinervum species showed the highest values for Zn, 0.38 and 0.44 mg kg-1, respectively. The Cassia alata showed the highest bioconcentration factor for Cd. The garbage disposal in the area contributed to the contamination by heavy metals, however the predominant species in the area did not behave as fitoextratora.
Keyword: Bioconcentration factor, enrichment factor, Aurá dump
Downloads
References
ALLEONI, L. R. F.; FERNANDES, A. R.; SANTOS, S. N. Solos contaminados no Brasil o desafio de definir valores de referência. Boletim Informativo da Sociedade Brasileira da Ciência do Solo. V 38, Janeiro-Abril, p. 19, 2013.
BECEGATO, V. A.; WALTER, J. A.; NETO, S. L. R.; CABRAL, J. B. P.; MARCON, A. K.; MIRANDA, L.; SPIAZZI, F. Distribuição espacial de elementos radioativos e Metais pesados no lixão desativado da cidade de Lages-sc. Geoambiente, v. 14, p. 121 – 135, 2010.
BABULA, P.; ADAM, V.; OPATRILOVA, R.; ZEHNALEK, J.; HAVEL, L.; KIZEK, R. Uncommon heavy metals, metalloids and their plant toxicity: a review. Environmental Chemistry Letters, v. 6, p. 189 - 213, 2008.
BRASIL. Conselho nacional do meio ambiente. Resolução nº 420, de 28 de dezembro de 2009. Dispõe sobre critérios e valores orientadores de qualidade do solo quanto à presença de substâncias químicas e estabelece diretrizes para o gerenciamento ambiental de áreas contaminadas por essas substâncias em decorrência de atividades antrópicas. Diário Oficial da República Federativa do Brasil nº 249, de 30 dez. 2009, p. 81-84.
CHANG, C. Y.; YU, H. Y.; CHEN, J. J.; LI, F. B.; ZHANG, H. H.; LIU, C. P. Accumulation of heavy metals in leaf vegetables from agricultural soils and associated potential health risks in the Pearl River Delta, South China. Environmental Monitoring and Assessment, DOI 10.1007/s10661-013-3472-0
CHEN, C. W.; KAO, C. M.; CHEN, C. F.; DONG, C. D. Distribution and accumulation of metals in sediments of Kaoshiung Harbor, Taiwan. Chemosphere, v. 66, p. 1431–1440, 2007.
CHRISTOPHORIDIS C.; DEDEPSIDIS, D.; FYTIANOS, K. Occurrence and distribution of selected heavy metals in the surface sediments of Thermaikos Gulf, N. Greece. Assessment using pollution indicators. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 168, p. 1082–1091, 2009.
ENT, A. V. D.; BAKER, A. J. M.; REEVES, R. D. A.; POLLARD, J.; SCHAT, H. Hyperaccumulators of metal and metalloid trace elements: Facts and fiction. Plant and Soil v. 362, p. 319–334, 2013.
GARCÍA, M. Á.; ALONSO, J.; MELGAR, M. J. Lead in edible mushrooms: levels and bioaccumulation factors. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 167(1–3), p. 777–783. 2009.
IBGE – Intituto Brasileiro de Geografia e Estatística (2010). Pesquisa Nacional de Saneamento Básico ano 2008. Disponível em: HTTP://www.ibge.gov.br/home/estatistica/populacao/condicaodevida/pnsb2008/tabelas_pdf/tab093.pdf., Acesso em 11/11/2013. IBGE
MACHADO, M. D.; SOARES, E. V.; SOARES, H.M.V.M. Removal of heavy metals using a brewer’s yeast strain of Saccharomyces cerevisiae: Chemical speciation as a tool in the prediction and improving of treatment efficiency of real electroplating effluents. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 180, p. 347–353, 2010.
MELO, L. R. F. A. Química e mineralogia do solo, Viçosa, MG: SBCS, 2009. 271 p.
MELO, L. C. A.; ALLEONI, L. R. F.; CARVALHO, G.; AZEVEDO, R. A. Cadmium and barium-toxicity effects on growth and antioxidant capacity of soybean (Glycine max L.) plants, grown in two soil types with different physicochemical properties. Journal of Plant Nutrition and Soil Science, v. 174, n. 5, p. 847-859, 2011.
NZIHOUA, A.; STANMORE, B. The fate of heavy metals during combustion and asification of contaminated biomass - A brief review. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 256 – 257, p. 56 – 66, 2013.
PASTOR, J.; HERNÁNDEZ A. J. Heavy metals, salts and organic residues in old solid urban waste landfills and surface waters in their discharge areas: Determinants for restoring their impact. Journal of Environmental Management, v. 95, p. S42 - S49, 2012.
PEREIRA, A. R.; ANGELOCCI, L. R.; SENTELHAS, P. C. Agrometeorologia: Fundamentos e Aplicações Práticas. Guaíba – RS: Livraria e Editora Agropecuária, 2002. 478p.
PIERANGELI, M. A. P.; GUILHERME, L. R. G.; CURI, N.; COSTA, E. T. de S.; LIMA, J M. de; MARQUES, J. J. G. DE S. e. M.; FIGUEIREDO, L. F. O. Comportamento sortivo, individual e competitivo de metais pesados em Latossolos com mineralogia contrastante. Revista Brasileira de Ciência do Solo, v. 31, p. 819–826, 2007.
PRASAD M. N. V. Phytoremediation of Metal-Polluted Ecosystems: Hype for Commercialization. Russian Journal of Plant Physiology, v. 50, p. 686 –700, 2003.
QIU, R. L.; THANGAVEL, P.; HU, P. J.; SENTHILKUMAR, P.; YING, R. R.; TANG, Y. T. Interaction of cadmium and zinc on accumulation and sub-cellular distribution in leaves of hyperaccumulator Potentilla griffithii. Journal of Hazardous Materials, v. 186, n. 2 - 3, p. 1425 – 1430, 2011.
SANTANA, G. P; BARRONCAS, P. S. R. Estudo de metais pesados (Co, Cu, Fe, Cr, Ni, Mn, Pb e Zn) na Bacia do Tarumã-Açu Manaus (AM). Acta Amazônica, v. 37(1), p. 111-118, 2007.
SANTOS, H. G. et al, Sistema Brasileiro de Classificação de Solos – 3 ed. Revisada e ampliada – Brasília, DF : Embrapa, 2013. 353 p.
SHI, X.; ZHANG, X.; CHEN, G.; CHEN, Y.; WANG, L.; SHAN, X. Seedling growth and metal accumulation of selected woody species in copper and lead/zinc mine tailings. Journal of Environmental Sciences, v. 23(2), p. 266–274, 2011.
SIQUEIRA, G. W.; APRILE, F. Avaliação de risco ambiental por contaminação metálica e material orgânico em sedimentos da bacia do Rio Aurá, Região Metropolitana de Belém – PA. Acta Amazônica, v. 43(1), p. 51 – 62, 2013.
UNITED STATES ENVIRONMENTAL PROTECTION AGENCY- USEPA. Method 3051: Microwave assisted acid digestion of sediments sludges, soils and oils. In: Sw-846: Test methods for evaluation solid waste physical and chemical methods. Washington, Office of Solid Waste, US. Environmental Protection Agency, 1994.
WU, C.; LIAO, B.; WANG, S. L.; ZHANG, J.; LI J, T. Pb and Zn accumulation in a Cd-hyperaccumulator (Viola baoshanensis). International Journal of Phytoremediation, v. 12, p. 574–585, 2010.
Authors retain copyright and grant the Journal the right to the first publication. Authors are encouraged to and may self-archive a created version of their article in their institutional repository, or as a book chapter, as long as acknowledgement is given to the original source of publication. As the Journal provides open access to its publications, articles may not be used for commercial purposes. The contents published are the sole and exclusive responsibility of their authors; however, the publishers can make textual adjustments, adaptation to publishing standards and adjustments of spelling and grammar, to maintain the standard patterns of the language and the journal. Failure to comply with this commitment will submit the offenders to sanctions and penalties under the Brazilian legislation (Law of Copyright Protection; nº 9,610; 19 February 1998).
.jpg)
