Silvicultural intensification and agroforestry systems in secondary tropical forests: a review

  • Gustavo Schwartz Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
  • Maria do Socorro Ferreira Embrapa Eastern Amazon - Embrapa Amazônia Oriental
  • José do Carmo Lopes Embrapa Eastern Amazon - Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

Resumo

Secondary forests are the woody vegetation that results from the successional processes of species colonization after the original primary forest clearance. Primary forest clearances occur due to disturbances caused by natural factors such as windstorms, hurricanes, landslides, or fire. Human activities as deforestation to implement crop fields, pastures, mines, and roads can also promote the increase of secondary forests. This paper discusses the problems faced to achieve economic profitability in tropical secondary forests, giving as example the northeast region of Pará state in the Brazilian Amazonia. One alternative to transform tropical secondary forests into more economically competitive land use is the intensification of silvicultural treatments aiming increased productivity of timber and non‑timber tree species. This can be implemented through Organized Disturbances to promote: a) the improvement of natural regeneration; b) enrichment planting in gaps; c) tending over naturally established seedlings and saplings of commercial species; and d) Assisted Densification of low density species. In addition to these silvicultural treatments, we propose a cyclic agroforestry system inside artificially created canopy gaps in small lands covered by secondary forests. This cyclic agroforestry system can provide crop production of grains and fruits with secondary forest conservation.

Downloads

Não há dados estatísticos.

Biografia do Autor

Gustavo Schwartz, Embrapa Amazônia Oriental

Gustavo Schwartz

Biólogo (Universidade Federal de Santa Maria - Brasil), Mestre em Ecologia (Universidade Estadual de Campinas - Brasil) e Doutor em Ecologia e Manejo Florestal (Universidade de Wageningen - Holanda).

Trabalha no setor de Floresta na Embrapa Amaônia Oriental, Belém, Pará, Brasil.  Tem interesse em ecologia, manejo e conservação de espécies arbóreas em florestas primárias e secundárias na Amazônia.

 

 

Referências

ÅDJERS, G.; HADENGGANAN, S.; KUUSIPALO, J.; NURYANTO, K.; VESAB, L. Enrichment planting of dipterocarps in logger-over secondary forests: effect of width, direction and maintenance method of planting line on selected Shorea species. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 73, p. 259-270, 1995.

ALVINO, F. O.; SILVA, M. F. F.; RAYOL, B. P. Potencial de uso das espécies arbóreas de uma floresta secundária, na Zona Bragantina, Pará, Brasil. Acta Amazonica, v. 35, p. 413-420, 2005.

ARAUJO, M. M.; OLIVEIRA, F. A.; VIEIRA, I. C. G.; BARROS, P. L. C.; LIMA, C. A. T. Densidade e composição florística do banco de sementes do solo de florestas sucessionais na região do Baixo Rio Guamá, Amazônia Oriental. Scientia Forestalis, v. 59, p. 115-130, 2001.

ARMANDO, M. S.; BUENO, Y. M.; ALVES, E. R. S.; CAVALCANTE, C. H. Agrofloresta para a agricultura familiar. Circular Técnica 16, Brasília: Embrapa, 2002. 11p.

ASNER, G. P.; RUDEL, T. K.; AIDE, T. M.; DEFRIES, R.; EMERSON, R. A contemporary assessment of change in humid tropical forests. Conservation Biology, v. 23, p. 1385-1395, 2009.

AVILA, M. Agroforestry Systems – Concepts and classification. FAO Technical Paper 3. 2014. [on line] URL: http://www.fao.org/wairdocs/ilri/x5546e/x5546e06.htm (accessed 30 September 2014).

BAAR, R.; CORDEIRO, M. R.; DENICH, M.; FÖLSTER, H. Floristic inventory of secondary vegetation in agricultural systems of East-Amazonia. Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 13, p. 501-528, 2004.

BOUDREAU, S.; LAWES, M. J. Samll understorey gaps created by subsistence harvesters do not adversely affect the maintenance of tree diversity in a sub-tropical forest. Biological Conservation, v. 126, p. 279-286, 2005.

BRASIL. Lei No 12.651, de 25 de maio de 2012. 2014. [on line] URL: http://www.planalto.gov.br/ccivil_03/_ato2011-2014/2012/lei/l12651.htm (accessed 30 September 2014).

BROWDER, J. O.; WYNNE, R. H.; PEDLOWSKI, M. A. Agroforestry diffusion and secondary forest regeneration in the Brazilian Amazon: further findings from the Rondônia Agroforestry Pilot Project (1992–2002). Agroforestry Systems, v. 65, p. 99-111, 2005.

CARIM, S.; SCHWARTZ, G.; DA SILVA, M. F. F. Riqueza de espécies, estrutura e composição florística de uma floresta secundária de 40 anos no leste da Amazônia. Acta Botânica Brasilica, v. 21, p. 293-308, 2007.

CHAZDON, R. Regeneração de florestas tropicais. Boletim do Museu Paraense Emilio Goeldi, Ciências Naturais, v. 7, p. 195-218, 2012.

CHOKKALINGAM, U.; DE JONG, W. Secondary forest: a working definition and typology. International Forestry Review, v. 3, p. 19-26, 2001.

CHOKKALINGAM, U.; SMITH, J.; DE JONG, W.; SABOGAL, C. A conceptual framework for the assessment of tropical secondary forest dynamics and sustainable development potential in Asia. Journal of Tropical Forest Science, v. 13, p. 577-600, 2001.

CHUA, S. C.; RAMAGE, B. S.; NGO, K. M.; POTTS, M. D.; LUM, S. K. Y. Slow recovery of a secondary tropical forest in Sowtheast Asia. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 308, p. 153-160, 2013.

DENSLOW, J. S.; HARTSHORN, G. S. Tree-fall gap environments and forest dynamic processes. In: MCDADE, L. A.; BAWA, K. S.; HESPENHEIDE, H. A.; HARTSHORN, G. S. (Eds.). La Selva: ecology and natural history of a neotropical rain forest (pp-120-127). Chicago: The Chicago University Press, 1994.

FEARNSIDE, P. M. Deforestation in Brazilian Amazonia: history, rates, and consequences. Conservation Biology, v. 19, p. 680-688, 2005.

FEARNSIDE, P. M. The roles and movements of actors in the deforestation of Brazilian Amazonia. Ecology and Society v. 13: art. 23, 2008. [on line] URL: http://www.ecologyandsociety.org/vol13/iss1/art23/

FERREIRA, M. S. G.; MELO, M. S. Platonia insignis Mart. species richness in secondary forests of north-eastern Pará, Brazil. Bois et Forêts des Tropiques, v. 294, p. 21-28, 2007.

FINEGAN, B. The management potential of neotropical secondary lowland rain forest. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 47, p. 295-231, 1992.

FREDERICKSEN, T. S.; PUTZ, F. S. Silvicultural intensification for tropical forest conservation. Biodiversity and Conservation, v. 12, p. 1445-1453, 2003.

GUARIGUATA, M. R.; OSTERLAG, R. Neotropical secondary forest succession: changes in structural and functional characteristics. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 148, p. 185-206, 2001.

GUIMARÃES, R.C.G. Management of advanced regeneration in secondary forests of the Brazilian Amazon. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 130, p. 131-140, 2000.

HOMMA, A. K. O.; MENEZES, A. J. E. A.; CARVALHO, J. E. U.; MATOS, G. B. Manejos de rebrotamento de bacurizeiros nativos no estado do Pará: recuperação de áreas degradadas com geração de renda e emprego. Inclusão Social, v. 6, p. 77-83, 2013.

INPE (Instituto Nacional de Pesquisas Espaciais). Projeto PRODES: Monitoramento da Floresta Amazônica por Satélite. 2014. [on line] URL: http://www.obt.inpe.br/prodes/prodes_1988_2013.htm (accessed on 15 April 2014).

JOSLIN, A. H.; MARKEWITZ, D.; MORRIS, L. A.; OLIVEIRA, F. A.; FIGUEIREDO, R. O.; KATO, O. R. Five native tree species and manioc under slash-and-mulch agroforestry in the eastern Amazon of Brazil: plant growth and soil responses. Agroforestry Systems, v. 81, p. 1-14, 2011.

KALABA, F. K.; QUINN, C. H.; DOUGILL, D. J.; VINYA, R. Floristic composition, species diversity and carbon storage in charcoal and agriculture fallows and management implications in Miombo woodlands of Zambia. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 304, p. 99-109, 2013.

KUKKONEN, M.; RITA, H.; HOHNWALD, S.; NYGREN, A. Treefall gaps of certified, conventionally managed and natural forests as regeneration sites for Neotropical timber tree in northern Honduras. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 255, p. 2163-2176, 2008.

LAMPRECHT, H. Silviculture in the tropics. Eschborn: GTZ, 1989. 296p.

LOPES, J.C.A., JENNINGS, S.B., MATNI, N.M. Planting mahogany in canopy gaps created by commercial harvesting. Forest Ecology and Forest Management, v. 255, p. 300-307, 2008.

LAWSON, S.; MACFAUL, L. Illegal logging and related trade. London: Chatham House, 2010. 132p.

MYERS, N. Tropical deforestation rates and patterns. In: BROWN, K.; PEARCE, K.B. (Eds.). The causes of tropical deforestation: the economic and statistical analysis of factors giving rise to the loss of the tropical forests (pp-27-41). London, UK, 1994.

NASCIMENTO, N. C. C. Cenários de uso da terra nas mesobacias hidrográficas dos igarapés Timboteua e Buiuna, Pará. Master thesis, Federal University of Pará, Belém, 2011. 110p.

NEEFF, T.; LUCAS, R. M.; SANTOS, J. R.; BRONDIZIO, E. S.; FREITAS, C. C. Area and age of secondary forests in Brazilian Amazonia 1978-2002: An empirical estimate. Ecosystems, v. 9, p. 609-623, 2006.

OLIVEIRA, J. S. R.; KATO, O. R.; OLIVEIRA, T. F.; QUEIROZ, J. C. B. Evaluation of sustainability in Eastern Amazon under proambiente program. Agroforestry Systems, v.78, p. 185-191, 2010.

PECK, R. B.; BISHOP, J. P. Management of secondary tree species in agroforestry systems to improve production sustainability in Amazonian Ecuador. Agroforestry Systems, v. 17, p. 53-63, 1992.

PINEDO-VASQUEZ, M., ZARIN, D., COFFEY, K., PADOCH, C., RABELO. Post-boom timber production in Amazonia. Human Ecology, v. 29, p. 219-239, 2001.

RAYOL, B. P.; ALVINO-RAYOL, F. O. Uso de feijão guandú (Cajanus cajan (L.) Millsp.) para adubação verde e manejo agroecológico de plantas espontâneas em reflorestamento no estado do Pará. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia, v. 7, p. 104-110, 2012.

RIZZINI, C. T. Nota prévia sobre a divisão fitogeográfica (florístico-sociológica) do Brasil. Revista Brasileira de Geografia, v. 25, p. 1-64, 1963.

RODRIGUES, S. T.; SCHWARTZ, G.; ALMEIDA, S. S. Diversidade, síndromes de dispersão e formas de vida vegetal em diferentes estágios sucessionais de florestas secundárias em Tomé-Açu, Pará, Brasil. Amazônia: Ciência e Desenvolvimento, v. 7, p. 21-31, 2012.

ROMELL, E.; HALLSBY, G.; KARLSSON, A.; GARCIA, C. Artificial canopy gaps in a Macaranga spp. dominated secondary tropical rain forest – Effects on survival and above ground increment of four under-planted dipterocarp species. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 255, p. 1452–1460, 2008.

SCHWARTZ, G. Manejo sustentável de florestas secundárias: espécies potenciais no nordeste do Pará, Brasil. Amazônia: Ciência e Desenvolvimento, v. 3, p. 125-147, 2007.

SCHWARTZ, G. Forest management and regeneration of tree species in the Eastern Amazon. PhD thesis, Wageningen: Wageningen University, 2013. 132p.

SCHWARTZ, G., LOPES, J. C. A., MOHREN, G.M.J., PEÑA-CLAROS, M. Post-harvesting silvicultural treatments in logging gaps: A comparison between enrichment planting and tending of natural regeneration. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 293, p. 57-64, 2013.

SCHWARTZ, G.; LOPES, J. C. A. (in press). Logging in the Brazilian Amazon Forest: The Challenges of Reaching Sustainable Future Cutting Cycles. In: DANIELS, J. A. (Org.) Advances in environmental research – Volume 36. Nova Publishers, USA.

SEMA (Secretaria de Estado de Meio Ambiente), 2014. Espécies Florestais em Toras na GF1. Extracão e Movimentasão de Toras de Madeira Nativa. Governo de Estado do Pará. [online] URL: [online] URL: http://www.monitoramento.sema.pa.gov.br (accessed on 11 April 2014).

SHEIL, D.; VAN HEIST, M. Ecology for tropical forest management. International Forestry Review, v. 2, p. 261-270, 2000.

SHIELS, A. B.; GONZÁLEZ, G. Understanding the key mechanisms of tropical forest responses to canopy loss and biomass deposition from experimental hurricane effects. Forest Ecology and Management, 2014. [on line] URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1016/j.foreco.2014.04.024

SILVA, J. N. M.; CARVALHO, J. O. P.; LOPES, J. C. A.; ALMEIDA, B. F.; COSTA, D. H. M.; OLIVEIRA, L. C.; VANCLAY, J. K.; SKOVSGAARD, J. P. Growth and yield of a tropical rainforest in the Brazilian Amazon 13 years after logging. Forest Ecology and Management, v. 71, p. 267-274, 1995.

SMITH, J.; FERREIRA, S.; VAN DE KOP, P.; FERREIRA, C. P.; SABOGAL, C. The persistence of secondary forests on colonist farms in the Brazilian Amazon. Agroforestry Systems, v. 58, p. 125-135, 2003.

TUOMELA, K.; KUUSIPALO, J.; VESA, L.; NURYANTO, K.; SAGALA, A. P. S.; ÅDJERS, G. Growth of dipterocarp seedlings in artificial gaps: an experiment in a logged-over rainforest in South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Forest Ecology and Management, v.81, p. 95-100, 1996.

VEIGA, D. V.; CARVALHO, C. R.; KATO, O. R.; MOURÃO JR., M. Alternativas de recuperação da fertilidade de solo em sistema agrícola de subsistência no Nordeste Paraense. Revista Brasileira de Agroecologia, v. 7, p. 111-120, 2012.

VIEIRA, I.; PROCTOR, J. Mechanisms of plant regeneration during succession after shifting cultivation in eastern Amazonia. Plant Ecology, v. 192, p. 303-315, 2007.

VÍLCHEZ, L. O. Planificación del manejo diversificado de bosques latifoliados húmedos tropicales. Manual Técnico No. 56, CATIE, Turrialba, 2004. 329p.

WATRIN, O. S. Dinâmica da paisagem em projetos de assentamentos rurais no Sudeste Paraense utilizando geotecnologias. PhD thesis, Rio de Janeiro: Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, 2003. 209p.

WILLIAMS-LINERA, G.; ALVAREZ-AQUINO, C.; HERNÁNDEZ-ASCENCIÓN, E.; TOLEDO, M. Early successional sites and the recovery of vegetation structure and tree species of the tropical dry forest in Veracruz, Mexico. New Forests, v. 42, p. 131-148, 2011.

YAMADA, M.; GHOLZ, H. L. An evaluation of agroforestry systems as a rural development option for the Brazilian Amazon. Agroforestry Systems, v. 55, p. 81–87, 2002.

ZARIN, D. J.; DAVIDSON, E. A.; BRONDIZIO, E.; VIEIRA, I. C. G.; SÁ, T.; FELDPAUSCH, T.; SHUUR, E. A. G.; MESQUITA, R.; MORAN, E.; DELAMONICA, P.; DUCEY, M. J.; HURTT, G. C.; SALIMON, C.; DENICH, M. Legacy of fire slows carbon accumulation in Amazonian forest regrowth. Frontiers in Ecology and the Envrionment, v. 3, p. 365-369, 2005.

ZHU, J.; LU, D.; ZHANG, W. Effects of gaps on regeneration of woody plants: a meta-analysis. Journal of Forestry Research, v. 25, p. 501-510, 2014.

Publicado
2016-01-07
Seção
Artigos de Revisão